Non-linear Data Structure Linear Data StructureĪ data structure is said to be linear if its elements combine to form any specific order.Categories of Data Structureĭata structures can be subdivided into two major types: Second, the formation should be so simple that one can efficiently process the data whenever necessary.First, it must be loaded enough into the structure to reflect the actual relationship of the data with a real-world object.The variety of a specific data model depends on the two factors: The data can be managed in many different ways, such as a logical or mathematical model for a particular organization of data is called a data structure. In the context of computers, the data structure is a specific way of storing and organizing data in the computer's memory so that these data can be easily retrieved and efficiently used when needed later. The example mentioned above, such as ID, Age, Gender, First, Middle, Last, Street, Area, etc., are elementary data items, whereas the Name and the Address are group data items. But an ID assigned to a student will usually be considered a single item. Let's take an example where a student's name can be broken down into three sub-items: first, middle, and last. The data items are then classified into sub-items, which is the group of items that are not called the simple primary form of the item. Data is simply a collection of facts and figures, or you can say that data is a set of values or values in a particular format that refers to a single set of item values. In the modern world, data and its information have significance, and there are different implementations taking place to store it in different ways. 7.Basic Concepts of Data Structures Data Structure Introduction Data Structures Environment Setup Fundamental Elements of Data Structure Arrays, Iteration, Invariants Data Structures and Arrays Lists, Recursion, Stacks, Queues Linked List Polynomials Using Linked List and Arrays Concepts of Stack in Data Structure Concepts of Queue in Data Structure Algorithms Principles of Program Analysis Big-O Notation and Algorithm Analysis Searching Techniques Sorting Techniques Bubble Sort Algorithm Selection Sort Algorithm Merge Sort Algorithm Quick Sort Algorithm Insertion Sort Algorithm Greedy Algorithm Trees Binary Trees AVL Trees Forests and Orchards report this ad The Java 8 documentation correctly calls the implementation lock-free. An interesting side-note here is that the Java documentation states that it's a wait-free queue, where it's actually lock-free. It's an implementation of the lock-free queue from M. Java already provides an implementation of a non-blocking queue, the ConcurrentLinkedQueue. The CAS operation ensures that we move the current head only if no other node has been removed in the meantime. The following code snippet outlines how CAS works: volatile int value īoolean cas(int expectedValue, int newValue) while(!pareAndSet(currentHead, nextNode)) Īgain, the essential part to pay attention to is the highlighted line. The important thing here is that CAS does not acquire a lock on the data structure but returns true if the update was successful, otherwise it returns false. Later on we'll see how the compare-and-swap operation achieves non-blocking access. However, what can happen is that if Thread 2 (or other threads) access the data structure with high frequency, then Thread 1 needs a large number of attempts until it finally succeeds. The advantage of this approach is that we don't need a lock. Thread 1 will then try again until it succeeds to complete the operation (green). Thread 1 attempts to access the data structure at the same time, detects the concurrent access, and returns immediately, informing the thread that it could not complete (red) the operation. Here, Thread 2 accesses the data structure but does not acquire a lock. The next picture illustrates thread starvation: If we suspend Thread 2 while it holds the lock, Thread 1 will have to wait forever. When Thread 1 attempts to acquire a lock as well, it needs to wait until Thread 2 releases the lock it won't proceed before it can get the lock. In the above picture, Thread 2 acquires a lock on the data structure.
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